Clinical chemistry profiles in injection heroin users from Coastal Region, Kenya

BMC Clinical Pathology

Table 2 Clinical chemistry measurements of the study participants

Marker	HIV-1 uninfected		HIV-1 infected		P
	HC, n = 15	IHUs, n = 23	ART-naive IHUs, n = 16	ART-exposed IHUs, n = 22
CK-MB, U/L	18.0 (15.0)	17.0 (12.0)	17.5 (16.3)	18.0 (26.8)	0.946
CRP, mg/L	0.7 (0.9)	6.1 (8.4)^a	3.8 (14.2)^a	4.0 (7.8)^a	0.002
CRP > 5.0 mg/L, n (%)	1 (6.7)	14 (60.9)	7 (43.8)	9 (40.9)	-
ALT, U/L	13.7 (12.7)	11.0 (5.5)^a	10.7 (5.4)	15.2 (11.0)	0.023
M > 40; F > 31, n (%)	2 (13.3)	0 (0.0)	1 (6.3)	2 (9.1)	-
AST, U/L	19.5 (9.4)	21.7 (13.0)	22.4 (10.8)	24.9 (14.1)	0.341
AST/ALT	1.1 (0.7)	1.8 (1.0)^a	2.1 (0.9)^a	1.6 (0.8)^a	0.001
AST/ALT ≥2.0, n (%)	0 (0.0)	10 (43.5)	10 (62.5)	6 (27.3)	-
APRI	0.14 (0.10)	0.23 (0.20)	0.19 (0.10)	0.25 (0.20)^a	0.005
APRI ≥0.5, n (%)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (6.3)	4 (18.2)	-
GGT, U/L	23.0 (28.1)	27.0 (20.1)	27.5 (39.0)	41.5 (45.0)	0.504
TC, mmol/L	5.0 (1.5)	4.1 (2.0)	4.3 (1.9)	4.2 (1.6)	0.176
HDL, mmol/L	1.3 (0.5)	1.3 (0.7)	1.1 (0.7)	1.1 (0.8)	0.828
TC/HDL	3.5 (1.0)	3.3 (1.7)	3.9 (1.0)	4.0 (1.5)	0.117
ALB, g/L	48.0 (3.7)	45.3 (17.8)	41.5 (14.3)	41.1 (10.5)^a	0.014
ALB <32.0 g/L, n (%)	0 (0.0)	1 (4.3)	2 (12.5)	2 (9.1)	-
Total PROT, g/L	82.3 (15.9)	84.4 (22.8)	90.2 (27.7)	82.0 (27.8)	0.147
ALB/PROT	0.6 (0.1)	0.6 (0.1)	0.4 (0.2)^a,b	0.5 (0.1)^a,b	<0.0001
GLB, g/L	35.1 (11.1)	36.6 (10.4)	51.2 (17.5)^a,b	41.5 (32.9)	0.013
ALB/GLB	1.4 (0.3)	1.5 (0.4)	0.8 (0.6)^a,b	1.0 (0.5)^a,b	<0.0001
ALB/GLB ≤1, n (%)	0 (0.0)	3 (13.0)	10 (62.5)	11 (50.0)	-
Creatinine, μmol/L	80.0 (23.0)	72.0 (30.0)	75.0 (30.0)	81.0 (29.0)	0.840
Urea, mmol/L	3.5 (1.2)	2.9 (2.5)	2.8 (0.6)	3.0 (1.4)	0.135
Vitamin D, ng/ml	30.7 (8.2)	32.0 (15.0)	35.3 (23.3)	38.3 (13.3)	0.064

Data presented are medians (IQR) unless indicated. HC, healthy controls. ART, anti-retroviral treatment. HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus-1. IHUs, injection heroin users. CK-MB, phosphocreatine kinase isoenzymes. CRP, C-reactive protein. AST, aspartate aminotransferase. ALT, alanine aminotransferase. APRI, aspartate to platelet index. GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. TC, total cholesterol. HDL, high density lipoprotein cholesterol. PROT, protein. ALB, albumin. GLB, globulin. Vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Data analysis was conducted using chi-square for proportions; and Kruskal Wallis tests for continuous data. Following the Kruskal Wallis tests, post-hoc Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons were performed based on the Mann Whitney between-group tests (significant at P < 0.0125). ^aART-exposed, ART-naive or HIV uninfected IHUs vs. HC, P < 0.01. ^bART-exposed and ART-naive IHUs vs. HIV-1 uninfected IHUs, P < 0.01. Values in bold are statistically significant at P-values indicated.

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